by Claire Morin | 30 January 2019
Published in Sensors 16(8): 1190. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16081190
The reduction of nitrate leaching to ensure greater protection of groundwater quality has become a global issue. The development of new technologies for more accurate dosing of nitrates helps optimize fertilization programs. This paper presents the practical application of a newly developed electrochemical sensor designed for in situ quantification of nitrate. To our knowledge, this paper is the first to report the use of electrochemical impedance to determine nitrate concentrations in growing media under forest nursery conditions. Using impedance measurements, the sensor has been tested in laboratory and compared to colorimetric measurements of the nitrate. The developed sensor has been used in water-saturated growing medium and showed good correlation to certified methods, even in samples obtained over a multi-ion fertilisation season. A linear and significant relationship was observed between the resistance and the concentration of nitrates (R2 = 0.972), for a range of concentrations of nitrates. We also observed stability of the sensor after exposure of one month to the real environmental conditions of the forest nursery.
by Claire Morin | 30 January 2019
Published in Ecology 99(9): 2047-2057. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2417
Understanding the causal pathways through which forest insect outbreaks are triggered is important for resource managers. However, detailed population dynamics studies are hard to conduct in low-density, pre-outbreak populations because the insects are difficult to sample in sufficient numbers. Using laboratory-raised larvae installed in the field across a 1,000 km east–west gradient in Québec (Canada) over an 11-yr period, we examined if parasitism and predation were likely to explain fluctuations in low-density spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana; SBW) populations. Parasitism rates by the two main larval parasitoid species, Elachertus cacoeciae and Tranosema rostrale, peaked during different years. This suggests that temporal fluctuations in overall parasitism were partly buffered by compensatory dynamics among parasitoid species. Still, spatial covariance analyses indicate that the residual interannual variation in parasitism rates was substantial and correlated over large distances (up to 700 km). On the other hand, interannual variation in predation rates was not spatially correlated. Piecewise structural equation models indicate that temporal variation in parasitism and predation does not influence temporal variation in wild SBW abundance. Spatially, however, SBWs installed in warmer locations tended to show higher parasitism rates, and these higher rates correlated with lower wild SBW population levels. Overall, the results indicate that large-scale drops in parasitism occur and could potentially contribute to SBW population increases. However, during the period covered by this study, other factors such as direct effects of weather on SBW larval development or indirect effects through host tree physiology or phenology were more likely to explain large-scale variation in wild SBW populations.
by Marie-Claude Boileau | 30 January 2019
Published in Forest Science 62(2): 227-236 http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/forsci.15-023
Since two decades, patch cutting systems have been applied in Eastern Canada to regenerate uneven-aged yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) – conifer stands. Yet, we still know very little about how the trees located in the between-patch matrix respond to treatments. This study compares growth, recruitment and tree mortality of yellow birch, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in three 50% patch cutting treatments with 20-, 30-, 40-m diameter circular gaps combined with 33% single-tree cutting in the matrix between patches, and an uncut control. After 10 years, positive effects of cutting treatments on recruitment and growth were nullified by mortality, resulting in non-significant changes in stand net merchantable basal area. Mortality rate modeled at the tree-level was higher for trees with larger diameters, defects, and high crown ratios. Trees with small diameter and those located along the border of harvest gaps had the largest increments in basal area. This study questions the use of patch cutting in mixed uneven-aged stands comprising an important component of short-lived balsam fir. Silvicultural systems utilizing non-systematic placement of variably-sized gaps may prove more beneficial for managing wood production and complexity in yellow birch – conifer stands.
by Audrey Verreault | 30 January 2019
Published in Ecoscience 21(3-4): 340-373. https://doi.org/10.2980/21-(3-4)-3696
This study aims to demonstrate that contemporary landscape vegetation heterogeneity is controlled by a combination of natural disturbances with other sets of explanatory variables. Integration of these drivers should be considered the key to explaining vegetation changes along ecological gradients characterizing the boreal forest. Forest inventory plots and maps produced from about 1970 to 2000 were used to characterize a large area (175 000 km2) according to 3 vegetation themes constituting distinct aspects of forest community composition (tree species, forest types, and potential vegetation‒successional stages) and 4 sets of explanatory variables (climate, natural disturbances, physical environment, and human disturbances). Canonical ordinations were performed to define ecological gradients as well as the overlap between vegetation themes and sets of explanatory variables along each gradient. For each vegetation theme, we quantified the relative proportion of vegetation variation explained by unique as well as combined sets of explanatory variables. The landscape vegetation heterogeneity described by species and potential vegetation‒successional stage was mostly explained by natural disturbances and climate in association with other sets of explanatory variables. The influence of physical environment was higher for landscape vegetation heterogeneity related to forest types than for the other themes, but this theme also was dominated by natural disturbances and climate. Compared to natural sets of explanatory variables, human disturbances played a secondary but significant role in the 3 vegetation themes. This research contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between vegetation and the factors underlying its development in the boreal forest and represents an important step toward ecosystem-based management.
by Audrey Verreault | 30 January 2019
Published in Scientific Reports 5: 13356. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13356
Climate, vegetation and humans act on biomass burning at different spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we used a dense network of sedimentary charcoal records from eastern Canada to reconstruct regional biomass burning history over the last 7000 years at the scale of four potential vegetation types: open coniferous forest/tundra, boreal coniferous forest, boreal mixedwood forest and temperate forest. The biomass burning trajectories were compared with regional climate trends reconstructed from general circulation models, tree biomass reconstructed from pollen series, and human population densities. We found that non-uniform climate, vegetation and human drivers acted on regional biomass burning history. In the open coniferous forest/tundra and dense coniferous forest, the regional biomass burning was primarily shaped by gradual establishment of less climateconducive burning conditions over 5000 years. In the mixed boreal forest an increasing relative proportion of flammable conifers in landscapes since 2000 BP contributed to maintaining biomass burning constant despite climatic conditions less favourable to fires. In the temperate forest, biomass burning was uncoupled with climatic conditions and the main driver was seemingly vegetation until European colonization, i.e. 300 BP. Tree biomass and thus fuel accumulation modulated fire activity, an indication that biomass burning is fuel-dependent and notably upon long-term co-dominance shifts between conifers and broadleaf trees.
