by Audrey Verreault | 20 August 2024
Published in The Forestry Chronicle 100(2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc2024-023
Repeated diameter-limit cutting in mixedwood forests often leads to altered stand composition, quality, and regeneration, hence decreasing productivity and value over time. We studied the evolution of stand characteristics after diameter-limit cutting on a 15-year period, beginning from 11 to 43 years after cutting. We used 415 sample plots (200 m2) and three criteria: (i) ≥9.0 m2/ha overstory (trees ≥9.1 cm dbh [diameter at breast height, 1.3 m above ground]) acceptable growing stock (AGS, i.e. basal area of vigorous trees with sawlog potential), (ii) ≥3.0 m2/ha pole timber AGS (9.1 cm-23.0 cm dbh) and (iii) ≥60% sapling (dbh 1.1-9.0 cm) stocking of desired species. Stand initial quality was determined in function of overstory AGS at the beginning of the monitoring period: good quality (AGS≥9.0 m2/ha), impoverished (7.0≤AGS< 9.0 m2/ha), degraded (AGS <7.0 m2/ha). After 15 years, 47% of stands satisfied at least two criteria, but most stands (65%) had insufficient sapling regeneration. Stands in good quality and impoverished categories had sufficient basal area and AGS to support a new partial cutting cycle, contrary to stands in the degraded category. A conceptual model based on these three criteria is presented to guide silvicultural rehabilitation of uneven-aged mixedwood stands altered by past cutting practices.
by Marie-Claude Boileau | 2 August 2024
Published in Forest Ecology and Management 568: 122069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122069
Litterfall is a major pathway for transferring aboveground biomass to the forest floor and thus plays an important role in building forest soil carbon stocks. However, inter- and intra-annual variability of litterfall remains poorly documented, especially in North American temperate and boreal forests, due to the lack of recent long-term studies at high sampling frequencies. This potentially creates uncertainties in estimates of forest carbon budget models. The objectives of the present study were to 1) quantify the mean annual flux, interannual variability, and seasonality of litterfall in three sites (dominated respectively by sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. 1768), and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.)) in eastern Canada over a period of 22–32 years, 2) relate the litterfall amounts and temporal variations to the changes in the size of major organic matter pools in these ecosystems, and 3) compare our litterfall estimates with reference values used in national greenhouse gas inventories. Litterfall production decreased from the sugar maple to the balsam fir and black spruce sites, preponderantly due to species composition. Litterfall evolution was related to the aboveground biomass of live trees in both conifer sites; in contrast, in the broadleaf site, changes in forest composition and structure were apparently the main drivers. The litterfall seasonality varied between broadleaf and conifer sites and could be explained by a sigmoidal model. Substantial departures from the seasonality for some given years were likely due to important climatic anomalies. Forest floor biomass remained stable over time at all three sites despite the increase in litterfall at the balsam fir and sugar maple sites and rapid forest floor turnover at the latter site. Our analyses of litterfall suggest that reference values from the literature used for national greenhouse gas inventories underestimate annual litterfall and forest floor carbon stocks for temperate and boreal forests.
by Audrey Verreault | 25 July 2024
Published in The Leaflet – Northen Hardwood Research Institute – NHRI 6(2) p. 11-16
Little known until recently in North America, the practice of irregular shelterwood system (ISS) is gaining popularity, because it meets the management needs of natural stands with an irregular structure, i.e., stands that are neither even-aged nor balanced uneven-aged. In Québec for example, research by the Direction de la recherche forestière (DRF) of the ministère des Ressources naturelles et des Forêts has led to application guidelines for the main forest types published in 2013 in the provincial silvicultural guide. Since then, some 20,000 ha of public forests have been treated in this way every year, particularly to meet ecosystem management objectives. Given its ability to promote stand structural and compositional complexity, this silvicultural system could prove to be an asset in promoting resilience in the face of global change.
by Audrey Verreault | 5 July 2024
Published in Science of The Total Environment 946: 174387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174387
Northern temperate and boreal forests are large biomes playing crucial ecological and environmental roles, such as carbon sequestration. Despite being generally remote, these forests were exposed to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition over the last two centuries and may still experience elevated N deposition as human activities expand towards high latitudes. However, the impacts of long-term high N deposition on these N-limited forest ecosystems remain unclear. For 18 years, we simulated N deposition by chronically adding ammonium nitrate at rates of 3 (LN treatment) and 10 (HN treatment) times the ambient N deposition estimated at the beginning of the experiment at a temperate sugar maple and a boreal balsam fir forest site, both located in northeastern America. LN and HN treatments corresponded respectively to addition of 26 kgN⋅ha-1⋅yr-1 and 85 kgN⋅ha-1⋅yr-1 at the temperate site and 17 kgN⋅ha-1⋅yr-1 and 57 kgN⋅ha-1⋅yr-1 at the boreal site. Between 2002 and 2018, soil solution was collected weekly during summer and concentrations of NO3– , NH4+, Ca2+ and pH were measured, totalling ~12,700–13,500 observations per variable on the study period. N treatments caused soil solution NO3–, NH4+ and Ca2+ concentrations to increase while reducing its pH. However, ion responses manifested through punctual high concentration events (predominantly on the HN plots) that were very rare and leached N quantity was extremely low at both sites. Therefore, N addition corresponding to 54 years (LN treatment) and 180 years (HN treatment) of accelerated ambient N deposition had overall small impacts on soil solution chemistry. Our results indicate an important N retention of northeastern American forests and an unexpected strong resilience of their soil solution chemistry to long-term simulated N deposition, potentially explained by the widespread N-limitation in high latitude ecosystems. This finding can help predict the future productivity of N-limited forests and improve forest management strategies in northeastern America.
by Audrey Verreault | 3 July 2024
Published in Journal of Ecology 00: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14350
1. Tree functional diversity can increase forest productivity by enhancing species interactions and providing greater growth stability. However, very few studies have examined the influence of tree community trait structure on survivor growth, recruitment and mortality simultaneously, which are the main drivers of forest population dynamics.
2. Here, we explore the interactions among functional diversity, productivity and climate to investigate the role of the trait structure of communities on forest productivity and to determine under what circumstances functional diversity should be promoted to ensure forest adaptive capacity under future climate.
3. Using random-forest modelling and a network of permanent sample plots covering a broad gradient of climatic conditions, we isolated the effects of functional diversity— described as the distribution of trait values in a community—and climate variables on net forest productivity (NFP), survivor growth, recruitment and mortality.
4. Based on our findings, community-level trait structure affects forest productivity in different ways. NFP was influenced by three traits from three different plant strategy dimensions, whereas survivor growth and recruitment were strongly correlated with leaf and resource acquisition traits, and tree mortality with a mix of traits reflecting various plant strategies.
5. We also observed climate interactions with the functional trait structure of tree communities. For instance, we observed an interaction between drought tolerance and mean annual temperature: At low temperatures, NFP biomass accumulation increased with the value of the drought tolerance trait; however, at higher temperatures, the opposite pattern was observed. However, we found contrasting patterns of population response to climate variability, depending on their functional diversity. Greater functional diversity does not necessarily increase biomass accumulation under different climatic conditions.
6. Synthesis. As all components of forest productivity contribute to NFP, studies on forest productivity should consider not only survivor growth but also recruitment and mortality. Each component responds differently in terms of biomass changes in climatic variation, according to the trait structure of tree communities. This study provides a framework to identify the trait structure that should be targeted under different climate scenarios to anticipate change and help strengthen forest response capacity to climate change.
